Chains & networks
Ethereum: applications share a settlement system
ETH, smart contracts and tokens have distinct roles and distinct risks.
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Ethereum supports programmable contracts alongside transfers of its native asset, ETH. Tokens are usually separate contracts. An authentic token can depend on an upgrade administrator, an issuer or an external price feed. Running on Ethereum does not eliminate those dependencies.
Identify the application layer
When using a lending market, list the contracts involved in custody, collateral pricing and liquidation. When using a token, identify its exact contract and permissions. A well-known ticker can be copied by another contract, and a familiar website can point to a different deployment.
ETH on Ethereum mainnet and a representation of ETH on another chain may involve different withdrawal routes. The same account address appearing on two EVM networks does not merge their balances or make every transfer recoverable by the receiving service.
Ethereum's move to proof of stake in September 2022 changed consensus; it did not remove smart-contract, custody or frontend risk. See layer 2, token approvals and upgrade authority.
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Ricerca verificata il 5 settembre 2026. Historical cases retain the date and legal status of the cited record.