Bridges and wrapped assets
Moving value between chains adds a verification and custody relationship.
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Bundled launch wallets
One economic position is split across many addresses to imitate distribution.
Bybit February 2025 theft
The FBI attributed the theft from Bybit to North Korean TraderTraitor actors.
Calldata
Calldata is read-only input supplied to a contract call.
Cardano: extended UTXO and application risk
Transaction structure helps explain execution, but cannot validate a project's promises.
Celsius CEL market support
US prosecutors described Celsius purchases of CEL and misleading representations around the token and company health.
Centralisation: who controls which decision?
Validators, administrators, custodians and public accounts exercise different forms of power.
Chain reorganisations: why recent inclusion can change
A node can replace its recent chain view when a different valid branch becomes canonical under the consensus rules.
Checking a crypto-provider authorisation
Match the legal entity, domain and service to the relevant register.
Cherry-picked leaderboards
Rankings select profitable periods, survivors or favourable return definitions.
Circulating-supply manipulation
Controlled or transferable tokens are excluded from advertised circulation.
Clipboard-address substitution
Malware replaces a copied address before it is pasted.
Clone tokens and ticker theft
A token copies the symbol and branding of a known asset.
Closing a Solana token account: check where its SOL goes
A cleanup transaction can recover account funding, but its destination is still part of the signed request.
Cloud-backup seed exposure
Recovery material is copied into photos, notes, email or synchronised storage.
Cloud-mining fraud
A seller offers remote hash power with fixed or implausibly stable returns.
Coincheck NEM theft
Coincheck reported a major theft of NEM held by the exchange in January 2018.
Collateral liquidation
A protocol sells or seizes collateral when health crosses a threshold.
Compromised analytics scripts
A third-party script loaded by a trusted site is altered.
Compromised package maintainers
An attacker publishes a malicious version through a legitimate package account.
Concentrated liquidity: TVL can sit outside the trading range
The capital recorded in a pool is not necessarily available around the current price.
Confirmations and reorganisations
A confirmation places a transaction in a block; consensus may replace recent blocks.
Constant-product pool arithmetic
A basic AMM prices trades along a reserve curve.
Constant-product pools: where price impact comes from
A pool equation makes the execution price depend on the size of the trade relative to available reserves.
Contagion: one asset, several dependent products
Protocols can inherit risk through collateral, liquidity and shared counterparties.
Content Security Policy: limit what a page may execute
A browser-enforced policy can reduce injection exposure, but its actual directives determine the protection.
Contract storage layout
Persistent values occupy locations interpreted by implementation code.
Contract storage: the persistent state a transaction changes
Code executes, but balances, permissions and configuration survive in the contract's storage.
Cookies: how a website remembers a session
Authentication can depend on a small browser-held identifier rather than a repeated password entry.
Copy trading: the leader's profit is not your result
MASTR's watchlist separates provider snapshots, historical performance and unverified social claims.