DeFi e governação
Collateral liquidation
A protocol sells or seizes collateral when health crosses a threshold.
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Tipos de fraude
Compromised analytics scripts
A third-party script loaded by a trusted site is altered.
Tipos de fraude
Compromised package maintainers
An attacker publishes a malicious version through a legitimate package account.
Liquidez, preços e regras dos pools
Concentrated liquidity: ticks, active capital and fee growth
A pool can hold substantial value while only part of its capital supports the current price.
Estrutura de mercado
Concentrated liquidity: TVL can sit outside the trading range
The capital recorded in a pool is not necessarily available around the current price.
Fundamentos de blockchain
Confirmations and reorganisations
A confirmation places a transaction in a block; consensus may replace recent blocks.
Estrutura de mercado
Constant-product pool arithmetic
A basic AMM prices trades along a reserve curve.
Estrutura de mercado
Constant-product pools: where price impact comes from
A pool equation makes the execution price depend on the size of the trade relative to available reserves.
DeFi e governação
Contagion: one asset, several dependent products
Protocols can inherit risk through collateral, liquidity and shared counterparties.
Fundamentos da Web
Content Security Policy: limit what a page may execute
A browser-enforced policy can reduce injection exposure, but its actual directives determine the protection.
Fundamentos de blockchain
Contract storage layout
Persistent values occupy locations interpreted by implementation code.
Fundamentos de blockchain
Contract storage: the persistent state a transaction changes
Code executes, but balances, permissions and configuration survive in the contract's storage.
Fundamentos da Web
Cookies: how a website remembers a session
Authentication can depend on a small browser-held identifier rather than a repeated password entry.
Investigação MASTR
Copy trading: the leader's profit is not your result
MASTR's watchlist separates provider snapshots, historical performance and unverified social claims.
KOLs e promoção
Copy-trading execution gaps
Followers receive later fills, different sizes, fees and liquidity than the displayed leader.
Fundamentos da Web
CORS: a browser reading rule is not API authentication
Understand why an API can fail in a browser yet remain reachable, and why removing a CORS error can create a different problem.
Redes e cadeias
Cosmos: a framework is not one shared security guarantee
Independent chains can communicate while retaining different validator and governance risks.
Tipos de fraude
Counterfeit stablecoins
A token copies a major stablecoin name without the issuer's contract or redemption claim.
História cripto
Cream Finance lending exploits
Cream Finance experienced several exploits involving lending markets and integrated assets.
Fundamentos de blockchain
CREATE2: knowing an address before the contract exists
A predictable address commits to deployment inputs. It does not tell you that the resulting application is safe.
Estrutura de mercado
Creator-wallet mapping
Deployer, treasury, fee and liquidity wallets can be separate addresses under related control.
Fundamentos de blockchain
Cross-chain message execution
Destination effects depend on messages accepted from another system.
Tipos de fraude
Crypto pig-butchering operations
Organised groups combine social engineering with controlled investment interfaces.
Tipos de fraude
Crypto-ATM impersonation scams
A caller claiming to be a bank or authority orders cash deposited into a crypto ATM.
História cripto
Cryptopia exchange liquidation
New Zealand exchange Cryptopia suffered a 2019 security breach and later entered liquidation.
História cripto
Curve Vyper reentrancy incident
Several Curve pools were exploited in 2023 after a compiler issue affected protections in specific Vyper versions.
Carteiras e segurança
Custody: what you control and what you depend on
Keys, devices, recovery and withdrawal rights belong in the same decision.
Estrutura de mercado
Customer-asset rehypothecation
A custodian lends, pledges or invests assets customers expect to withdraw.