Protocolo
Aave
A lending protocol used here to explain collateral health and liquidation. Parameters depend on the specific market and asset.
MASTR
Apoiar o trabalho
MASTR CRYPTO WIKI
Pessoas e projetos
Pessoas e organizações mencionadas nas investigações. Cada entrada explica o seu papel e remete para os artigos relevantes. A inclusão não implica uma conduta ilícita.
Os artigos de investigação e as referências são publicados em inglês. A navegação está disponível em sete idiomas.
Não foram encontradas entradas.
A
Pessoa
Adam Back
Creator of Hashcash, a proof-of-work system cited in Bitcoin’s design lineage.
Modelo de investimento
AirBit Club
Crypto investment programme prosecuted in the United States as a fraud scheme.
Organização
Alameda Research
Trading firm at the centre of the FTX customer-fund diversion. The case explains its privileged treatment and related-party exposure.
Pessoa
Alex Gluchowski
Matter Labs co-founder associated with zkSync.
Pessoa
Alex Mashinsky
Celsius founder. The linked case covers representations to customers, CEL-related conduct and his May 2025 sentence.
Pessoa
Anatoly Yakovenko
Solana co-founder associated with the network’s high-throughput account model.
Pessoa
Andre Cronje
DeFi developer associated with Yearn and several protocol designs. The directory records the role without treating reputation as an audit.
Rede
Aptos
Move-based smart-contract network with an object and resource-oriented programming model.
Rede
Arbitrum
Ethereum scaling systems with different data-availability assumptions. Rollup and AnyTrust configurations should not be conflated.
Pessoa
Arthur Hayes
BitMEX co-founder whose Bank Secrecy Act case is covered as an exchange compliance event.
Rede de armazenamento
Arweave
Persistent-data network used by some applications and NFT projects.
Rede
Avalanche
An ecosystem containing distinct chains and asset routes. An EVM-compatible interface does not identify the complete trust model.
Pessoa
Avraham Eisenberg
Trader at the centre of the Mango Markets oracle-manipulation case.
B
Protocolo
BadgerDAO
Bitcoin-focused DeFi project affected by a compromised frontend.
Instituição
Bank for International Settlements
International financial institution publishing research on payments, markets and digital assets.
Pessoa
Barry Silbert
Digital Currency Group founder. The Genesis Earn file maps the customer, agent and borrower relationship.
Rede
Base
An Ethereum Layer 2. Familiar account addresses do not make balances or bridged assets interchangeable with other networks.
Protocolo de stablecoins
Beanstalk
Protocol affected by a flash-loan-assisted governance takeover.
Pessoa
Benjamin Delo
BitMEX co-founder named in the exchange’s Bank Secrecy Act proceedings.
Organização
Binance
Exchange group covered by the 2023 criminal resolution. BNB Chain's protocol properties require a separate analysis.
Rede
Bitcoin
A proof-of-work network with UTXO-based transactions and a defined issuance schedule.
Modelo de investimento
BitConnect
Lending programme built around promised returns and an alleged trading bot.
Organização
Bitfinex
Exchange affected by the 2016 theft. The theft prosecution and the CFTC's 2021 order concern different conduct.
Plataforma de derivados
BitMEX
Crypto derivatives venue covered through its Bank Secrecy Act case.
Organização
BlockFi
Crypto lender covered here through its February 2022 interest-account settlement. The settlement was not an endorsement of the product's safety.
Mercado de NFT
Blur
NFT marketplace relevant to incentive-driven activity and professional NFT trading.
Rede
BNB Chain
A blockchain ecosystem analysed separately from Binance's exchange business and legal cases.
Pessoa
Brad Garlinghouse
Ripple chief executive. The directory distinguishes the company from XRP Ledger’s protocol.
Pessoa
Brendan Eich
Brave founder and creator of JavaScript; linked here through tokenised attention-market history.
Pessoa
Brian Armstrong
Coinbase co-founder and chief executive. Custodial access and self-custody remain different control models.
Organização
Bybit
Exchange affected by the February 2025 theft attributed by the FBI to North Korea.
C
Pessoa
Cameron Winklevoss
Gemini co-founder. The Earn file distinguishes Gemini’s customer interface from Genesis credit exposure.
Rede
Cardano
A network using an extended UTXO model. Application rules and custody arrangements still need independent assessment.
Pessoa
Caroline Ellison
Former Alameda Research chief executive and cooperating witness in the FTX criminal case.
Organização
Celsius
Crypto lender that paused withdrawals in June 2022 and filed for bankruptcy the next month.
Empresa de segurança
CertiK
Audit and monitoring company. Any badge must be checked against version, scope and unresolved findings.
Empresa de análise
Chainalysis
Blockchain analytics company. Its labels are evidence inputs rather than automatic proof of civil identity.
Protocolo
Chainlink
Oracle infrastructure. Feed selection, update conditions and downstream validation matter as much as the reported price.
Pessoa
Changpeng Zhao (CZ)
Binance founder. The article separates his 2023 guilty plea from the company's resolution and subsequent developments.
Pessoa
Charles Hoskinson
Cardano founder and early Ethereum co-founder. The linked entry covers Cardano’s transaction model.
Pessoa
Charlie Lee
Litecoin creator. Litecoin adapted Bitcoin’s proof-of-work and issuance design.
Pessoa
Chris Larsen
Ripple co-founder associated with the development and commercial use of XRP Ledger.
Organização
Circle
USDC issuer. The SVB episode illustrates the difference between reporting reserve assets and accessing bank cash during a crisis.
Infraestrutura da Internet
Cloudflare
DNS and web-infrastructure provider. A secure edge does not establish that the destination application is honest.
Exchange
Coincheck
Japanese exchange affected by the 2018 NEM theft.
Protocolo
Compound
A lending protocol whose 2020 COMP distribution is a milestone in liquidity-mining history.
Rede
Cosmos
An ecosystem and software framework, rather than a universal shared-security guarantee for every connected chain.
Protocolo de empréstimos
Cream Finance
Lending protocol affected by multiple exploits.
Exchange
Cryptopia
New Zealand exchange placed into liquidation after a 2019 theft.
Protocolo de troca
Curve Finance
Stable-asset exchange protocol affected in 2023 through vulnerable Vyper contracts.
D
Pessoa
Dan Larimer
Developer associated with BitShares, Steem and EOS.
Pessoa
David Chaum
Cryptographer whose electronic-cash work predates Bitcoin and remains part of digital-money history.
Pessoa
DJ Khaled
Promoter named in the SEC's 2018 ICO-promotion settlement.
Pessoa
Do Kwon
Terraform Labs co-founder. The Terra article distinguishes the peg's collapse, the civil case and his December 2025 criminal sentence.
Rede
Dogecoin
Proof-of-work network created from Litecoin-derived code and later merge-mined with Litecoin.
Pessoa
Donald Trump
Namesake of the TRUMP token and central figure in the political-crypto projects discussed here. Ownership, fees and conflicts are examined separately from claims of illegality.
Protocolo de negociação
dYdX
Derivatives protocol relevant to perpetual funding, oracle design and liquidation.
E
Protocolo de restaking
EigenLayer
Ethereum restaking system that can create correlated slashing and dependency risk.
Proposta Ethereum
EIP-1559
Ethereum fee-market change introducing a base fee and separate priority fee.
Proposta Ethereum
EIP-7702
Delegation mechanism allowing an externally owned account to execute code under defined conditions.
Pessoa
Eli Ben-Sasson
StarkWare co-founder and researcher in scalable proof systems.
Empresa de análise
Elliptic
Blockchain analytics company producing investigations and typology research.
Pessoa
Emin Gün Sirer
Avalanche co-founder and computer-science researcher.
Norma de tokens
ERC-1155
Multi-token interface supporting fungible and non-fungible assets in one contract.
Norma de tokens
ERC-20
Fungible-token interface whose allowances and non-standard return behaviour require care.
Norma de contas
ERC-4337
Account-abstraction standard using user operations, bundlers and entry-point validation.
Norma de tokens
ERC-721
NFT interface defining ownership and transfers while leaving metadata storage choices open.
Pessoa
Ethan Buchman
Cosmos co-founder and contributor to Tendermint and interchain standards.
Rede
Ethereum
A programmable settlement network. Its history includes Frontier, the DAO fork, the Merge and data-availability upgrades.
Ambiente de execução
Ethereum Virtual Machine
Execution model used by Ethereum and several compatible chains. Compatibility does not create shared state or security.
Projeto de token
EthereumMax
Token promoted by celebrities and covered by US disclosure enforcement.
Explorador de blocos
Etherscan
Ethereum explorer used to inspect transactions, code, logs and token approvals.
Protocolo de empréstimos
Euler Finance
Lending protocol affected by a 2023 donation-to-reserves exploit path.
Entidade reguladora
European Banking Authority
EU banking authority with responsibilities under the crypto-asset regulatory framework.
Entidade reguladora
European Securities and Markets Authority
EU markets authority involved in implementing and supervising crypto-asset rules.
Cooperação policial e judicial
Europol
EU agency coordinating cross-border criminal intelligence, including online investment fraud.
F
Autoridade de investigação criminal
Federal Bureau of Investigation
US agency publishing crypto-fraud guidance and cyber-threat attribution.
Autoridade de defesa do consumidor
Federal Trade Commission
US consumer-protection agency publishing warnings about investment, impersonation and payment scams.
Organismo de normalização
Financial Action Task Force
Intergovernmental body setting global anti-money-laundering standards, including virtual-asset guidance.
Entidade reguladora
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
US financial-intelligence bureau administering anti-money-laundering requirements.
Organismo de normalização
Financial Stability Board
International body coordinating financial-stability policy, including crypto-asset frameworks.
Investigação e infraestrutura
Flashbots
Ethereum research and infrastructure organisation associated with MEV markets and block building.
Pessoa
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Promoter named in the SEC's 2018 ICO-promotion settlement.
Modelo de investimento
Forsage
Smart-contract programme charged by the SEC as a crypto pyramid and Ponzi scheme.
Organização
FTX
Crypto exchange whose collapse exposed the misuse of customer funds. Estate distributions are a separate question from ownership of the original deposited assets.
G
Pessoa
Gary Wang
FTX co-founder and cooperating witness whose testimony concerned exchange code and Alameda privileges.
Pessoa
Gavin Wood
Ethereum co-founder and author of the Ethereum Yellow Paper; later a Polkadot founder.
Organização
Gemini
Customer-facing platform in the Earn lending arrangement. The linked article distinguishes the platform, agent and borrower roles.
Organização
Genesis
Borrower in the Gemini Earn arrangement described in the SEC's January 2023 complaint.
Pessoa
Gerald Cotten
QuadrigaCX co-founder whose death exposed the exchange’s missing custody and accounting records.
Plataforma de código
GitHub
Code hosting platform used for source and release distribution. Repository ownership and release signing still need verification.
H
Pessoa
Hal Finney
Cryptographer who received the first recorded Bitcoin transfer from Satoshi Nakamoto.
Ponte
Harmony Horizon
Harmony bridge affected by compromised signing keys in 2022.
Pessoa
Hayden Adams
Creator of Uniswap. The historical article explains the exchange's launch and the economic role of liquidity pools.
Modelo de investimento
HyperFund
Online investment programme later presented under several names, including HyperVerse.
I
Modelo de investimento
IcomTech
Crypto mining and trading programme prosecuted as a fraud scheme.
Pessoa
Illia Polosukhin
NEAR co-founder. The directory records protocol authorship without implying that a founder controls every application.
Pessoa
Ilya Lichtenstein
Bitfinex hacker sentenced in November 2024 for conspiracy to launder the stolen assets.
Plataforma de segurança
Immunefi
Bug-bounty platform focused on Web3 vulnerabilities and coordinated disclosure.
Organismo de normalização
Internet Engineering Task Force
Open standards organisation behind many protocols used by wallets, browsers and networks.
Cooperação policial e judicial
Interpol
International police organisation coordinating notices and cross-border investigations.
Protocolo de armazenamento
IPFS
Content-addressed storage network often referenced by NFT metadata. Availability still depends on retention.
J
Pessoa
Jae Kwon
Cosmos co-founder associated with Tendermint consensus and interchain architecture.
Pessoa
Jed McCaleb
Co-founder of Ripple and Stellar and an early Mt. Gox creator before its later ownership.
Pessoa
Jesse Powell
Kraken co-founder. The directory records exchange history without treating any venue as a substitute for custody analysis.
Protocolo de negociação
Jupiter
Solana routing and trading infrastructure. Quotes depend on routes, liquidity and transaction construction.
Pessoa
Justin Sun
Figure named in the SEC's March 2023 TRX and BTT case. The article distinguishes the complaint's allegations from separate celebrity settlements.
K
Pessoa
Karl Sebastian Greenwood
OneCoin co-founder. The article covers the scheme and his 2023 criminal sentence.
Pessoa
Kim Kardashian
Promoter named in the SEC's EthereumMax settlement over an undisclosed payment. The settlement concerns the promotional disclosure.
Rede
Kusama
Polkadot-related canary network with its own governance and economic state.
Protocolo de troca
KyberSwap
Decentralised exchange affected by a concentrated-liquidity exploit.
Pessoa
Kyle Davies
Three Arrows Capital co-founder. The linked file separates fund exposure from later creditor recovery.
L
Pessoa
Laszlo Hanyecz
Participant in the 2010 purchase remembered as Bitcoin Pizza Day.
Designação de um agente de ameaça
Lazarus Group
Attribution label used by US authorities for North Korean cyber operations, including major crypto thefts.
Fabricante de carteiras físicas
Ledger
Hardware-wallet vendor relevant to supply-chain, firmware and recovery threat models.
Protocolo de staking
Lido
Liquid-staking protocol issuing receipts against staked assets.
Rede de pagamentos
Lightning Network
Bitcoin payment-channel network whose routing and liquidity differ from base-layer settlement.
Rede
Litecoin
Bitcoin-derived proof-of-work network with different timing and hashing choices.
M
DAO e protocolo
MakerDAO
DAO and lending system behind overcollateralised stablecoin debt.
Protocolo de negociação
Mango Markets
Solana trading venue affected by oracle and collateral manipulation.
Pessoa
Mark Karpelès
Former Mt. Gox chief executive, central to the exchange history and its long insolvency process.
Investigação
MASTR
Original investigations, workbooks and source notes in this collection. Start with the evidence index or the LAPTOP transaction reconciliations.
Software de carteira
MetaMask
Browser and mobile wallet. A familiar interface does not remove signature and approval risk.
Protocolo DeFi
Meteora
Solana liquidity protocol. Pool structure, authority and executable depth should be verified at contract level.
Organização
MGX
Investment firm discussed in the Binance transaction and USD1 payment arrangement. The linked article examines the associated conflict-of-interest questions.
Pessoa
Michael Saylor
MicroStrategy co-founder associated with a corporate Bitcoin treasury strategy.
Modelo de investimento
Mining Capital Coin
Mining and investment programme charged by US authorities as fraud.
Rede
Monero
Privacy-focused network using ring signatures, stealth addresses and confidential amounts.
Organização
Mt. Gox
Failed Bitcoin exchange whose customer recovery process illustrates the long duration of custodial losses.
Ponte
Multichain
Cross-chain service whose 2023 collapse exposed concentrated operational control.
N
Organismo de normalização
National Institute of Standards and Technology
US standards institution whose security guidance informs authentication and key-management practice.
Rede
NEAR
Proof-of-stake smart-contract network using sharded execution.
Pessoa
Nick Szabo
Author of the bit gold proposal and early writing on smart contracts.
Pessoa
Nishad Singh
Former FTX engineering director and cooperating witness in the FTX case.
Ponte
Nomad
Cross-chain bridge whose 2022 incident followed acceptance of an invalid trusted root.
O
Autoridade responsável por sanções
Office of Foreign Assets Control
US Treasury office administering sanctions, including actions involving crypto addresses and services.
Modelo de investimento
OneCoin
Global scheme marketed as cryptocurrency without the promised public blockchain.
Mercado de NFT
OpenSea
NFT marketplace used here to distinguish marketplace listings from token identity and metadata persistence.
Empresa de segurança
OpenZeppelin
Smart-contract security company and library maintainer. Libraries reduce repeated mistakes but do not prove system safety.
Rede
Optimism
Ethereum scaling technology whose fault proofs, upgrade powers and withdrawal rules require separate checks.
P
Software de carteira
Phantom
Solana wallet interface. Users still need to inspect programmes, token accounts and requested authority.
Modelo de investimento
PlusToken
Investment scheme that promised wallet and return benefits while collecting large crypto deposits.
Rede
Polkadot
Multichain network using shared relay-chain security for connected parachains.
Ponte
Poly Network
Cross-chain protocol affected by a 2021 exploit involving message and privilege handling.
Rede
Polygon PoS
A network whose checkpoints are only part of its security model.
Q
Exchange
QuadrigaCX
Canadian exchange whose insolvency exposed severe custody and record failures.
R
Pessoa
Raj Gokal
Solana co-founder and ecosystem executive.
Protocolo de troca
Raydium
Solana exchange and liquidity protocol. Pool identity and token mint addresses must be verified.
Pessoa
Robert Leshner
Compound founder. Compound appears in the history of token-incentivised lending.
Rede de pontes
Ronin Network
Gaming-linked network whose bridge validators were compromised in 2022.
Pessoa
Ross Ulbricht
Founder of the Silk Road marketplace, a major event in Bitcoin’s early public history.
Pessoa
Ruja Ignatova
OneCoin co-founder promoted as the public face of a system that lacked the promised public blockchain.
Pessoa
Rune Christensen
MakerDAO co-founder. The related file explains overcollateralised stablecoin debt.
Linguagem de programação
Rust
Systems language widely used in Solana and other blockchain software. Language safety does not replace authority analysis.
Pessoa
Ryan Salame
Former FTX Digital Markets executive whose case is separate from the technical account privileges examined here.
S
Protocolo
Safe
Smart-account infrastructure supporting threshold-based ownership and optional extensions. Modules can create additional execution routes.
Projeto de token
SafeMoon
Token project examined through US criminal allegations concerning liquidity-pool assets.
Pessoa
Sam Bankman-Fried
FTX founder. The FTX article covers his criminal conviction, the March 2024 sentence and the use of customer funds.
Pessoa
Samuel Reed
BitMEX co-founder named in the exchange’s Bank Secrecy Act proceedings.
Pessoa
Satish Kumbhani
BitConnect founder named in the US indictment. The article describes the allegations as allegations, not a conviction.
Pessoa
Satoshi Nakamoto
Pseudonymous author of the Bitcoin white paper. The name identifies the published authorship, not a verified civil identity.
Pessoa
Sergey Nazarov
Chainlink co-founder. Oracle security depends on feed design and downstream validation.
Pessoa
Sergio Demian Lerner
Security researcher known for early Bitcoin mining analysis. Attribution hypotheses remain distinct from verified identity.
Organização
Silicon Valley Bank
Bank whose March 2023 failure affected confidence in USDC's access to part of its reserve cash.
Rede
Solana
A network with account-based programmes and distinct token authorities. Asset identity and account control require more than a ticker.
Linguagem de programação
Solidity
Dominant EVM smart-contract language. Compiler version, storage layout and call behaviour affect risk.
Explorador de blocos
Solscan
Solana explorer used to inspect accounts, instructions and token authorities.
Programa de tokens
SPL Token
Original Solana token programme governing mints, accounts and authorities.
Pessoa
Stani Kulechov
Aave founder. The linked material focuses on collateral, health factors and liquidation.
Rede
Stellar
Payment-focused ledger supporting native and issued assets.
Pessoa
Stephen Ehrlich
Former Voyager Digital chief executive. The linked file explains the broker, lender and customer relationship.
Pessoa
Su Zhu
Three Arrows Capital co-founder. The linked file concerns the fund’s leverage and creditor collapse.
Rede
Sui
A network with an object-based model for assets and ownership.
T
Organização
Terraform Labs
Company behind Terra and UST. The linked case covers both system mechanics and findings concerning its representations.
Organização
Tether
Stablecoin issuer examined through the CFTC's historical reserve-representation findings. Those findings do not establish today's reserve position.
DAO
The DAO
2016 Ethereum investment vehicle whose exploit led to a disputed chain fork.
Fundo
Three Arrows Capital
Crypto hedge fund whose 2022 collapse transmitted losses to lenders and brokers.
Programa de tokens
Token-2022
Extended Solana token programme supporting additional controls and transfer behaviour.
Protocolo de software
Tornado Cash
Privacy software and sanctions case that raises distinct questions about code, services and operator conduct.
Empresa de segurança
Trail of Bits
Security research and engineering company whose work includes smart contracts and cryptography.
Fabricante de carteiras físicas
Trezor
Hardware-wallet vendor relevant to device authenticity, firmware and seed handling.
Empresa de análise
TRM Labs
Blockchain intelligence company producing risk and attribution research.
Rede
TRON
A network whose resource model and token controls matter when assessing transfers and stablecoin exposure.
Pessoa
Tyler Winklevoss
Gemini co-founder. The Earn file separates platform branding from the underlying lending chain.
U
Protocolo
Uniswap
An automated exchange protocol family. The wiki separates its launch, constant-product pool arithmetic and liquidity-provider returns.
Entidade reguladora
US Commodity Futures Trading Commission
US derivatives regulator with digital-asset enforcement and market-integrity responsibilities.
Autoridade de investigação criminal
US Department of Justice
US department responsible for federal criminal prosecutions cited across exchange, fraud and laundering cases.
Entidade reguladora
US Securities and Exchange Commission
US markets regulator whose complaints, orders and settlements are primary records for several cases in the wiki.
V
Pessoa
Vitalik Buterin
Ethereum co-founder and author whose work shaped programmable blockchain design.
Corretora e credor
Voyager Digital
Crypto broker and lender whose failure exposed customer assets to borrower and bankruptcy risk.
Linguagem de programação
Vyper
Smart-contract language whose compiler vulnerabilities were involved in the 2023 Curve incident.
W
Protocolo de ligação
WalletConnect
Wallet connection protocol whose sessions can be abused by hostile interfaces.
Pessoa
Wei Dai
Author of the b-money proposal cited in Bitcoin’s design history.
Organização
World Liberty Financial
Crypto project connected to the USD1 discussion. The research follows the stated relationships and transaction structure.
Organismo de normalização
World Wide Web Consortium
Web standards organisation. Browser security boundaries remain relevant to every crypto frontend.
Ponte
Wormhole
Cross-chain messaging system affected by a 2022 verification failure.
X
Rede
XRP Ledger
A ledger supporting XRP and issued assets. Issuer-specific rights and controls remain relevant for issued tokens.
Y
Protocolo de rendimento
Yearn Finance
DeFi yield system associated with vault strategies. Strategy dependencies determine where returns and losses arise.
Z
Rede
Zcash
Network supporting shielded transfers through zero-knowledge proofs.