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Technical reference

PSBT: moving an unsigned Bitcoin transaction between devices

An offline signer still needs to verify the outputs and fee of the transaction it signs.

Source-based reference · Updated 12 September 2026

研究文章和参考条目以英语发布。导航提供七种语言。

本文目录
  1. A transport format for signing
  2. Offline is not the same as correct
  3. The useful review boundary
  4. Sources

A transport format for signing

BIP-174 defines the Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction format. It carries transaction information and the extra data participants need to prepare, sign and finalise a Bitcoin transaction. This allows separate devices or multiple signers to collaborate without putting all keys in one online application.

Offline signing still needs review. Online coordinator proposes inputs and outputs. Signer checks recipient, change and fee. Only then does the device produce a signature.
Offline signing still needs review. Online coordinator proposes inputs and outputs. Signer checks recipient, change and fee. Only then does the device produce a signature.
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Offline is not the same as correct

A malicious online coordinator can prepare the wrong recipient or an excessive fee. Keeping a key offline prevents the coordinator from directly reading it, but does not make the proposed transaction trustworthy. The signer must inspect the transaction information it authorises.

The useful review boundary

Check each external output, its amount, the change treatment and the total fee. Verify that the device can establish the necessary input information rather than accepting unsupported claims from the coordinator. A successful signature proves that the signing conditions were met; it does not prove that the recipient corresponds to the invoice or person the user had in mind.

Sources

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