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Hashcash: proof of work before Bitcoin
A computational postage stamp for internet abuse became one ingredient in a different system: public transaction ordering.
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Histoire des cryptos
Des idées avant Bitcoin aux réseaux programmables, aux cycles et aux crises. Parcourez par période ou année.
Suivez les mécanismes autant que les dates. Ces parcours relient les jalons techniques aux institutions, incitations et défaillances. La chronologie distingue chaque événement et ses sources.
Chronologie complète · 123 ↗1991–2008
Avant Bitcoin
Événements de cette période ↗
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b-money: shared balances before the blockchain
Wei Dai’s 1998 proposal explored pseudonymous accounts, distributed bookkeeping and contract enforcement before Bitcoin.
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RPOW: reusable tokens and the hardware trust boundary
Hal Finney’s 2004 experiment made proof-of-work tokens reusable through an attested server, with a different trust model from Bitcoin.
2009–2014
Bitcoin et premières infrastructures
Événements de cette période ↗Histoire crypto
Bitcoin’s genesis block: what the record establishes
The first block provides an inspectable starting point. Its timestamp, embedded text and special reward behaviour answer different questions.
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2008–2009: Bitcoin and the problem of double spending
The original design addressed payment history without a central operator, not every form of financial deception.
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Mt. Gox: the long tail of a custody failure
From the 2014 exchange collapse to civil rehabilitation and repayments: custody, creditor claims and the dates behind the headlines.
2015–2017
Réseaux programmables et ventes de tokens
Événements de cette période ↗
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2015: Ethereum makes shared computation a public service
Frontier expanded the blockchain model from a payment history into a platform for programmes and persistent state.
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The DAO: code, governance and the 2016 split
The application incident and the community's response became separate parts of Ethereum history.
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The ICO era: selling access to a future product
Fundraising, token rights and paid distribution became tightly connected.
2018–2021
DeFi, NFT et expansion des marchés
Événements de cette période ↗
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2018: Uniswap makes pooled liquidity a trading venue
Automated market makers changed who could create a market and where execution costs appeared.
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2020: liquidity mining turns usage into a token reward
Compound's distribution helped popularise an incentive model that made activity and sustainable demand harder to separate.
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2021: the NFT boom connects provenance, art and speculation
Beeple's auction showed the reach of tokenised ownership, while the token standard left many rights outside the contract.
2022–2026
Crises, mises à niveau et nouveaux accès
Événements de cette période ↗Histoire crypto
Terra and UST: the peg, the collapse and the fraud cases
The redemption mechanism explains the feedback loop; the court records explain the misleading claims surrounding it.
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FTX and Alameda: customer money, privileged accounts and the bankruptcy
How the exchange funded its affiliated trading firm, why the risk engine did not protect customers and what later recovery percentages actually measured.
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2022: Ethereum replaces mining with proof of stake
The Merge changed block production while preserving application state and the existing ETH asset.
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2024: Dencun gives rollups a separate data market
Blob transactions reduced one component of rollup costs without turning every layer 2 into the same security model.
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2024: US spot Bitcoin ETPs change the access route
Exchange-traded exposure brought a familiar securities wrapper around an asset still held through a custody chain.