Fondements
Cryptographic timestamp chains
Haber and Stornetta describe techniques for time-stamping digital documents, an important precursor to later chained records.
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Chronologie
Événements, mises à jour et affaires par ordre chronologique. Chaque entrée renvoie à un article et à sa source. Les dates correspondent à l’événement indiqué, pas au début de tous les différends associés.
Les enquêtes et les fiches de référence sont publiées en anglais. La navigation est disponible en sept langues.
Aucune entrée correspondante.
1991
1997
Fondements
Hashcash proposal
Adam Back proposes Hashcash, a proof-of-work system later referenced in Bitcoin's design.
1998
Fondements
b-money proposal
Wei Dai describes an electronic cash proposal using a distributed database and pseudonymous participants.
2004
Fondements
Reusable proof of work
Hal Finney develops RPOW, combining proof-of-work tokens with a trusted execution component.
2008
Fondements
Bitcoin white paper
Satoshi Nakamoto describes peer-to-peer electronic cash and a proof-of-work solution to double spending.
2009
Fondements
Bitcoin genesis block
Bitcoin's first block marks the beginning of its chain history.
Lire l’articleBitcoin developer guide: block chain and consensus
Bitcoin
First recorded Bitcoin transfer
Satoshi Nakamoto sends bitcoin to Hal Finney in an early network transaction.
2010
Bitcoin
Bitcoin Pizza Day
A forum-arranged purchase exchanges 10,000 BTC for 2 pizzas, becoming an early price and payment milestone.
2011
Conservation des actifs
Mt. Gox account compromise disrupts trading
An account compromise and abnormal trading expose how a centralised venue can fail independently of Bitcoin.
Réseaux
Litecoin launches
Litecoin adapts Bitcoin's design with different hashing and timing parameters.
2012
Entreprises
Coinbase is founded
Coinbase begins as a hosted service for buying and holding bitcoin, part of the expansion of custodial access.
Protocole
First Bitcoin halving
The block subsidy falls from 50 to 25 BTC at height 210,000.
Lire l’articleBitcoin Core: subsidy and block validation implementation
2013
Réseaux
XRP Ledger consensus era
The XRP Ledger's early history develops around validators and issued assets rather than proof-of-work mining.
Culture
Dogecoin launches
Dogecoin turns an internet meme into a proof-of-work cryptocurrency and later a major speculation culture.
2014
Réseaux
Ethereum announced publicly
Ethereum's programmable blockchain design is introduced before the 2015 Frontier launch.
Lire l’articleEthereum Foundation: Frontier launch, 30 July 2015
Conservation des actifs
Mt. Gox stops withdrawals and fails
The exchange's collapse leaves customers facing a lengthy insolvency and rehabilitation process.
Lire l’articleMt. Gox trustee: official rehabilitation notices
Réglementation
New York BitLicense proposal
New York proposes a licensing framework for virtual currency businesses, starting a major US state regulatory model.
Stablecoins
Tether's predecessor launches
Realcoin, later renamed Tether, introduces a dollar-linked token model whose reserve representations later draw enforcement scrutiny.
Lire l’articleCFTC: Tether and Bitfinex orders, 15 October 2021
2015
Stablecoins
Maker project begins
Maker's development leads toward overcollateralised DAI and onchain liquidation mechanics.
Protocole
Ethereum Frontier launches
Ethereum's first live release introduces its programmable execution environment.
Lire l’articleEthereum Foundation: Frontier launch, 30 July 2015
2016
Sécurité
The DAO exploit
The incident leads to competing proposals for handling the affected funds.
Lire l’articleSEC: The DAO investigative report, 25 July 2017
Sécurité
The DAO is exploited
An execution path drains value from The DAO and forces Ethereum participants to debate intervention.
Lire l’articleSEC: The DAO investigative report, 25 July 2017
Protocole
Second Bitcoin halving
The subsidy falls from 25 to 12.5 BTC at height 420,000.
Lire l’articleBitcoin Core: subsidy and block validation implementation
Protocole
Ethereum DAO fork
Ethereum's fork changes state following The DAO incident; the original chain continues separately.
Sécurité
Bitfinex theft
The theft becomes the underlying offence in a later US money-laundering prosecution.
Lire l’articleUS DOJ: Bitfinex laundering sentence, 14 November 2024
Vie privée
Zcash launches
Zcash launches with shielded transaction technology alongside transparent transaction modes.
2017
Marchés
ICO fundraising peaks
Token sales expand rapidly, often financing future products before usable networks exist.
Procédures des autorités
SEC publishes The DAO report
The report examines when token offerings fall within securities law.
Lire l’articleSEC: The DAO investigative report, 25 July 2017
Protocole
SegWit activates on Bitcoin
Witness commitments and new transaction-weight rules change Bitcoin transaction accounting.
Réglementation
China restricts ICOs and exchange activity
Chinese authorities announce restrictions that reshape exchange access and mining geography over later years.
Applications
CryptoKitties congestion
A popular NFT application demonstrates how 1 application can consume meaningful shared-chain capacity.
2018
Conservation des actifs
Coincheck reports NEM theft
The Japanese exchange reports a large theft from its custody environment.
Arnaques
BitConnect platform collapses
BitConnect's lending programme ends amid regulatory action and later criminal allegations.
Lire l’articleUS DOJ: BitConnect founder indictment, 25 February 2022
Promotion
Centra Tech promotion cases develop
US authorities pursue conduct around the Centra ICO, including later promoter settlements.
Lire l’articleSEC: Floyd Mayweather and DJ Khaled settlements, 29 November 2018
Protocole
LND mainnet beta
Lightning Labs announces its beta, an early deployment milestone for payment channels.
Lire l’articleLightning Labs: first lnd mainnet beta, 15 March 2018
Marchés
Uniswap launches
An automated exchange built around liquidity pools goes live on Ethereum.
Procédures des autorités
Mayweather and Khaled promotion settlements
SEC orders address undisclosed payments for promoting ICO investments.
Lire l’articleSEC: Floyd Mayweather and DJ Khaled settlements, 29 November 2018
2019
Conservation des actifs
Cryptopia breach
Cryptopia reports a security breach before entering liquidation later in 2019.
Conservation des actifs
QuadrigaCX creditor protection
QuadrigaCX enters court proceedings while customer asset access and records remain unresolved.
Lire l’articleOntario Securities Commission: QuadrigaCX report
Réseaux
Facebook announces Libra
The proposed global stablecoin project triggers policy resistance and is later reworked and abandoned.
Arnaques
PlusToken withdrawal failures emerge
PlusToken users lose access as authorities and analysts trace a large recruitment-driven crypto scheme.
2020
Réseaux
Solana mainnet beta begins
Solana's mainnet beta starts, establishing its account and programme execution model.
Protocole
Third Bitcoin halving
The subsidy falls from 12.5 to 6.25 BTC at height 630,000.
Lire l’articleBitcoin Core: subsidy and block validation implementation
Marchés
COMP distribution begins
Compound's governance-token incentives help accelerate liquidity-mining activity.
Lire l’articleCoinDesk: COMP distribution and governance changes, 30 June 2020
Arnaques
AirBit Club operators charged
US criminal proceedings expose claims of mining and trading returns unsupported by the real money flow.
Lire l’articleDOJ: National Cryptocurrency Enforcement Team archive
Marchés
SushiSwap vampire mining
Liquidity incentives move assets from Uniswap into SushiSwap and show how token rewards can redirect protocol usage.
Protocole
Ethereum Beacon Chain launches
Proof-of-stake consensus begins operating before its later merger with Ethereum execution.
2021
Culture
NFT market expands
NFT trading and profile-picture collections turn token ownership into a mass-market identity and speculation product.
Marchés
Beeple auction reaches $69.3 million
Christie's sale becomes a prominent milestone in the NFT market's expansion.
Entreprises
Coinbase direct listing
A major US crypto exchange lists shares on Nasdaq, marking deeper contact with public equity markets.
Marchés
Meme-coin cycle accelerates
Dogecoin and newer tokens demonstrate how social distribution can overwhelm conventional valuation narratives.
Sécurité
Poly Network exploit
A privileged cross-chain path is exploited; much of the transferred value is later returned.
Protocole
London upgrade
EIP-1559 introduces a burned base fee and new transaction fee settings.
Procédures des autorités
CFTC Tether and Bitfinex orders
The orders address historical reserve representations and retail commodity transactions.
Lire l’articleCFTC: Tether and Bitfinex orders, 15 October 2021
Protocole
Taproot activates
Bitcoin adds Schnorr signatures and Taproot spending rules at height 709,632.
Sécurité
BadgerDAO frontend compromise
Users approve hostile transactions delivered through compromised web infrastructure.
2022
Sécurité
Wormhole exploit
A verification failure allows unbacked wrapped ETH to be minted on Solana.
Procédures des autorités
BlockFi lending settlement
BlockFi agrees to $100 million in combined SEC and state penalties.
Lire l’articleSEC: BlockFi lending-product settlement, 14 February 2022
Procédures des autorités
BitConnect founder indicted
US prosecutors allege a global investment-fraud scheme; an indictment is an allegation.
Lire l’articleUS DOJ: BitConnect founder indictment, 25 February 2022
Sécurité
Ronin bridge theft
A bridge compromise is later attributed by the FBI to North Korean actors.
Gouvernance
Beanstalk flash-loan governance attack
Borrowed voting power is used to approve treasury-draining execution in 1 transaction.
Marchés
UST loses its peg
Terra's redemption mechanism and market confidence break down.
Lire l’articleSEC: Terraform / Kwon civil fraud verdict and settlement, 13 June 2024
Crédit
Three Arrows Capital defaults
Leveraged fund exposures spread losses into lenders and customer-facing platforms.
Sécurité
Harmony Horizon bridge drained
Compromised validator control enables unauthorised bridge withdrawals.
Conservation des actifs
Celsius pauses customer withdrawals
Customers lose access to assets before the lender enters bankruptcy.
Crédit
Voyager enters bankruptcy
Voyager's customer product fails after counterparty lending exposure becomes uncollectable.
Lire l’articleFTC: Voyager Digital settlement and Stephen Ehrlich suit
Conservation des actifs
Celsius files for bankruptcy
The filing follows its withdrawal freeze.
Sécurité
Nomad bridge copycat drain
A trusted-root error makes a withdrawal pattern reproducible by many addresses.
Protocole
The Merge
Ethereum's execution layer moves to Beacon Chain proof-of-stake consensus.
Lire l’articleEthereum Foundation: mainnet Merge announcement
Marchés
Mango Markets manipulation
Trades increase collateral value before assets are borrowed from the platform.
Lire l’articleCFTC: digital-asset derivatives enforcement record
Procédures des autorités
Kim Kardashian promotion settlement
The SEC addresses an undisclosed $250,000 payment for an EthereumMax promotion.
Lire l’articleSEC: Kim Kardashian EthereumMax settlement, 3 October 2022
Conservation des actifs
FTX collapses
Withdrawal pressure reveals a customer-asset shortfall and intertwined exposure to Alameda.
Lire l’articleUS DOJ: Samuel Bankman-Fried sentencing, 28 March 2024
Conservation des actifs
Genesis suspends Earn withdrawals
Gemini Earn customers are affected by their lending exposure to Genesis.
Lire l’articleSEC: Genesis and Gemini Earn complaint, 12 January 2023
Conservation des actifs
FTX and Alameda records unravel
The collapse reveals privileged affiliate access and a customer-asset shortfall.
Lire l’articleSEC: FTX investor-fraud complaint, 13 December 2022
Arnaques
IcomTech prosecutions advance
US cases describe mining and trading claims used to support a Ponzi scheme.
Lire l’articleDOJ: National Cryptocurrency Enforcement Team archive
Procédures des autorités
SEC files its Bankman-Fried complaint
The complaint describes alleged customer-fund diversion and special treatment for Alameda.
Lire l’articleSEC: FTX investor-fraud complaint, 13 December 2022
2023
Procédures des autorités
SEC charges Genesis and Gemini
The complaint concerns the offer and sale of the Gemini Earn lending product.
Lire l’articleSEC: Genesis and Gemini Earn complaint, 12 January 2023
Arnaques
Forsage founders indicted
US authorities pursue founders of the smart-contract recruitment scheme.
Lire l’articleSEC: charges concerning Forsage, 1 August 2022
Marchés
USDC depegs during the SVB crisis
Disclosure of reserve cash at Silicon Valley Bank prompts concern about access to backing.
Lire l’articleInvestopedia: USDC and Silicon Valley Bank, March 2023
Politique
USDC loses its peg temporarily
Silicon Valley Bank exposure creates uncertainty over access to part of USDC reserves.
Promotion
TRX and BTT celebrity cases announced
The SEC files its complaint and announces settlements with several promoters.
Lire l’articleSEC: TRX / BTT allegations and celebrity settlements, 22 March 2023
Sécurité
Euler exploit
A lending-accounting path is exploited using atomic liquidity and complex position changes.
Politique
US authorities announce depositor protection
The announcement covers depositors at Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank.
Lire l’articleTreasury, Federal Reserve and FDIC: joint statement, 12 March 2023
Procédures des autorités
TRX and BTT promotion cases
The SEC announces charges and celebrity settlements concerning promotion and other alleged conduct.
Lire l’articleSEC: TRX / BTT allegations and celebrity settlements, 22 March 2023
Protocole
Shapella upgrade
Ethereum enables validator withdrawals, subject to its withdrawal rules.
Sécurité
Curve pools affected by compiler issue
Specific pools using vulnerable Vyper versions suffer reentrancy-related losses.
Bridges
Multichain abnormal transfers
Large movements and operational silence create uncertainty about control of bridge assets.
Procédures des autorités
OneCoin co-founder sentenced
Karl Sebastian Greenwood receives a 20-year prison sentence.
Lire l’articleUS DOJ: OneCoin co-founder Greenwood sentenced, 12 September 2023
Crédit
FTC announces Voyager settlement and suit
The FTC permanently bans Voyager from handling consumer assets and sues former CEO Stephen Ehrlich.
Lire l’articleFTC: Voyager Digital settlement and Stephen Ehrlich suit
Sécurité
KyberSwap Elastic exploit
Complex concentrated-liquidity accounting is manipulated across affected pools.
Tokens
SafeMoon executives charged
US criminal and civil actions challenge claims concerning liquidity and its control.
Lire l’articleReuters: SafeMoon executives charged, 1 November 2023
Procédures des autorités
Binance and CZ guilty pleas
The resolutions establish specified compliance offences, not every allegation ever made about the exchange.
Lire l’articleUS DOJ: Binance and Zhao guilty pleas, 21 November 2023
2024
Arnaques
HyperFund charges announced
US authorities allege a large recruitment-driven investment scheme operating under several names.
Lire l’articleDOJ: National Cryptocurrency Enforcement Team archive
Politique
US spot Bitcoin ETP approvals
The SEC approves exchange rule changes permitting the products' listing and trading.
Lire l’articleSEC: spot Bitcoin ETP approval statement, 10 January 2024
Conservation des actifs
FTX founder sentenced
Sam Bankman-Fried receives a 25-year sentence after conviction on 7 counts.
Lire l’articleUS DOJ: Samuel Bankman-Fried sentencing, 28 March 2024
Protocole
Dencun upgrade
Ethereum introduces blobs and a separate data fee market through EIP-4844.
Procédures des autorités
Bankman-Fried sentenced
A US court imposes a 25-year prison sentence following his fraud conviction.
Lire l’articleUS DOJ: Samuel Bankman-Fried sentencing, 28 March 2024
Bitcoin
Runes activates at the halving
A fungible-token protocol begins at Bitcoin block 840,000, increasing competition for block space.
Bitcoin
Fourth Bitcoin halving
The block subsidy falls from 6.25 to 3.125 BTC at height 840,000.
Lire l’articleBitcoin Core: subsidy and block validation implementation
Protocole
Fourth Bitcoin halving
The subsidy falls from 6.25 to 3.125 BTC at height 840,000.
Lire l’articleBitcoin Core: subsidy and block validation implementation
Procédures des autorités
Terraform settlement announced
The SEC announces a settlement following the civil fraud verdict.
Lire l’articleSEC: Terraform / Kwon civil fraud verdict and settlement, 13 June 2024
Politique
MiCA stablecoin provisions apply
Parts of the EU Markets in Crypto-Assets regime begin applying to asset-referenced and electronic-money tokens.
Conservation des actifs
FTX reorganisation plan confirmed
The announced plan distinguishes allowed dollar claims from the return of the original coins.
Lire l’articleFTX estate: confirmed reorganisation plan, 7 October 2024
Procédures des autorités
Bitfinex hacker sentenced
Ilya Lichtenstein receives five years for the money-laundering conspiracy.
Lire l’articleUS DOJ: Bitfinex laundering sentence, 14 November 2024
Politique
MiCA broader regime applies
The wider EU crypto-asset service-provider framework begins applying, subject to transitional rules.
DMM Bitcoin, 2024: a recruitment lure reached a custody workflow
The official attribution follows a fake coding test through session impersonation to a manipulated transaction request.
Lire l’articleFBI, DC3 and Japan NPA attribution, 23 December 2024
2025
Procédures des autorités
BitMEX receives $100 million fine
A US court sentences the exchange after its Bank Secrecy Act guilty plea.
Lire l’articleDOJ: BitMEX fined for Bank Secrecy Act violation
Sécurité
Bybit theft attributed
The FBI attributes a major exchange theft to North Korean TraderTraitor actors.
Lire l’articleFBI: Bybit theft attribution, 26 February 2025
Sécurité
Bybit theft
A major digital-asset theft is attributed by the FBI to North Korea days later.
Lire l’articleFBI: Bybit theft attribution, 26 February 2025
Tornado Cash: the 2025 delisting belongs in the history too
The sanctions designation, its removal and cases against individuals are separate legal events.
Procédures des autorités
Alex Mashinsky sentenced
The Celsius founder receives a 12-year US prison sentence after his guilty plea.
Ethereum
Pectra upgrade
Ethereum activates changes including account and validator features after testing and coordination.
Procédures des autorités
Celsius founder sentenced
Alex Mashinsky receives 12 years after pleading guilty to fraud offences.
Procédures des autorités
Do Kwon pleads guilty
Kwon pleads guilty in the US criminal case arising from representations around Terra.
Lire l’articleSEC: Terraform / Kwon civil fraud verdict and settlement, 13 June 2024
Procédures des autorités
Do Kwon sentenced
A US court imposes a 15-year sentence.
Lire l’articleSEC: Terraform / Kwon civil fraud verdict and settlement, 13 June 2024
Procédures des autorités
Do Kwon sentenced
Kwon receives 15 years after his August guilty plea in the US criminal case.
2026
Politique
Gemini Earn case dismissal reported
The SEC and Gemini agree to dismiss the Earn case after full in-kind customer recovery through Genesis bankruptcy.
Lire l’articleSEC: Genesis and Gemini Earn complaint, 12 January 2023
SafeMoon: the liquidity claim, conviction and 2026 sentence
The legal record concerns access to supposedly locked liquidity and diversion of investor assets.
Lire l’articleUS DOJ sentence announcement, 10 February 2026
Données sur la fraude
FBI reports rising cyber-enabled fraud
The FBI publishes loss data showing the continuing scale of investment and impersonation fraud.
OneCoin, 2026: asset recovery is not the same as repaying every victim
The compensation announcement describes recovered assets and a claims process, not a reversal of the original losses.
Recherches MASTR
MASTR documents exchange-flow conflicts
MASTR publishes direct observations about incentives, representatives and exchange-linked flows on X.
Recherches MASTR
MASTR expands the LAPTOP record
Saved workbooks reconcile launch inventory, claim wallets and completed sales rather than relying on screenshots.
Recherches MASTR
LAPTOP onchain findings updated
MASTR's saved records reconcile launch inventory, claims and completed sales.
Lire l’articleMASTR: LAPTOP independent onchain reconstruction, 9 September 2026