Fondamenti
Cryptographic timestamp chains
Haber and Stornetta describe techniques for time-stamping digital documents, an important precursor to later chained records.
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Cronologia
Eventi, aggiornamenti e casi in ordine cronologico. Ogni voce rimanda a un articolo e alla sua fonte. Le date indicano l’evento descritto, non l’inizio di tutte le controversie collegate.
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1991
1997
Fondamenti
Hashcash proposal
Adam Back proposes Hashcash, a proof-of-work system later referenced in Bitcoin's design.
1998
Fondamenti
b-money proposal
Wei Dai describes an electronic cash proposal using a distributed database and pseudonymous participants.
2004
Fondamenti
Reusable proof of work
Hal Finney develops RPOW, combining proof-of-work tokens with a trusted execution component.
2008
Fondamenti
Bitcoin white paper
Satoshi Nakamoto describes peer-to-peer electronic cash and a proof-of-work solution to double spending.
2009
Fondamenti
Bitcoin genesis block
Bitcoin's first block marks the beginning of its chain history.
Leggi l’articoloBitcoin developer guide: block chain and consensus
Bitcoin
First recorded Bitcoin transfer
Satoshi Nakamoto sends bitcoin to Hal Finney in an early network transaction.
2010
Bitcoin
Bitcoin Pizza Day
A forum-arranged purchase exchanges 10,000 BTC for 2 pizzas, becoming an early price and payment milestone.
2011
Custodia
Mt. Gox account compromise disrupts trading
An account compromise and abnormal trading expose how a centralised venue can fail independently of Bitcoin.
Reti
Litecoin launches
Litecoin adapts Bitcoin's design with different hashing and timing parameters.
2012
Imprese
Coinbase is founded
Coinbase begins as a hosted service for buying and holding bitcoin, part of the expansion of custodial access.
Protocollo
First Bitcoin halving
The block subsidy falls from 50 to 25 BTC at height 210,000.
Leggi l’articoloBitcoin Core: subsidy and block validation implementation
2013
Reti
XRP Ledger consensus era
The XRP Ledger's early history develops around validators and issued assets rather than proof-of-work mining.
Cultura
Dogecoin launches
Dogecoin turns an internet meme into a proof-of-work cryptocurrency and later a major speculation culture.
2014
Reti
Ethereum announced publicly
Ethereum's programmable blockchain design is introduced before the 2015 Frontier launch.
Leggi l’articoloEthereum Foundation: Frontier launch, 30 July 2015
Custodia
Mt. Gox stops withdrawals and fails
The exchange's collapse leaves customers facing a lengthy insolvency and rehabilitation process.
Leggi l’articoloMt. Gox trustee: official rehabilitation notices
Regolamentazione
New York BitLicense proposal
New York proposes a licensing framework for virtual currency businesses, starting a major US state regulatory model.
Stablecoins
Tether's predecessor launches
Realcoin, later renamed Tether, introduces a dollar-linked token model whose reserve representations later draw enforcement scrutiny.
Leggi l’articoloCFTC: Tether and Bitfinex orders, 15 October 2021
2015
Stablecoins
Maker project begins
Maker's development leads toward overcollateralised DAI and onchain liquidation mechanics.
Protocollo
Ethereum Frontier launches
Ethereum's first live release introduces its programmable execution environment.
Leggi l’articoloEthereum Foundation: Frontier launch, 30 July 2015
2016
Sicurezza
The DAO exploit
The incident leads to competing proposals for handling the affected funds.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: The DAO investigative report, 25 July 2017
Sicurezza
The DAO is exploited
An execution path drains value from The DAO and forces Ethereum participants to debate intervention.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: The DAO investigative report, 25 July 2017
Protocollo
Second Bitcoin halving
The subsidy falls from 25 to 12.5 BTC at height 420,000.
Leggi l’articoloBitcoin Core: subsidy and block validation implementation
Protocollo
Ethereum DAO fork
Ethereum's fork changes state following The DAO incident; the original chain continues separately.
Sicurezza
Bitfinex theft
The theft becomes the underlying offence in a later US money-laundering prosecution.
Leggi l’articoloUS DOJ: Bitfinex laundering sentence, 14 November 2024
Riservatezza
Zcash launches
Zcash launches with shielded transaction technology alongside transparent transaction modes.
2017
Mercati
ICO fundraising peaks
Token sales expand rapidly, often financing future products before usable networks exist.
Procedimenti delle autorità
SEC publishes The DAO report
The report examines when token offerings fall within securities law.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: The DAO investigative report, 25 July 2017
Protocollo
SegWit activates on Bitcoin
Witness commitments and new transaction-weight rules change Bitcoin transaction accounting.
Regolamentazione
China restricts ICOs and exchange activity
Chinese authorities announce restrictions that reshape exchange access and mining geography over later years.
Applicazioni
CryptoKitties congestion
A popular NFT application demonstrates how 1 application can consume meaningful shared-chain capacity.
2018
Custodia
Coincheck reports NEM theft
The Japanese exchange reports a large theft from its custody environment.
Truffe
BitConnect platform collapses
BitConnect's lending programme ends amid regulatory action and later criminal allegations.
Leggi l’articoloUS DOJ: BitConnect founder indictment, 25 February 2022
Promozioni
Centra Tech promotion cases develop
US authorities pursue conduct around the Centra ICO, including later promoter settlements.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: Floyd Mayweather and DJ Khaled settlements, 29 November 2018
Protocollo
LND mainnet beta
Lightning Labs announces its beta, an early deployment milestone for payment channels.
Leggi l’articoloLightning Labs: first lnd mainnet beta, 15 March 2018
Mercati
Uniswap launches
An automated exchange built around liquidity pools goes live on Ethereum.
Procedimenti delle autorità
Mayweather and Khaled promotion settlements
SEC orders address undisclosed payments for promoting ICO investments.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: Floyd Mayweather and DJ Khaled settlements, 29 November 2018
2019
Custodia
Cryptopia breach
Cryptopia reports a security breach before entering liquidation later in 2019.
Leggi l’articoloGrant Thornton New Zealand: Cryptopia updates
Custodia
QuadrigaCX creditor protection
QuadrigaCX enters court proceedings while customer asset access and records remain unresolved.
Leggi l’articoloOntario Securities Commission: QuadrigaCX report
Reti
Facebook announces Libra
The proposed global stablecoin project triggers policy resistance and is later reworked and abandoned.
Truffe
PlusToken withdrawal failures emerge
PlusToken users lose access as authorities and analysts trace a large recruitment-driven crypto scheme.
2020
Reti
Solana mainnet beta begins
Solana's mainnet beta starts, establishing its account and programme execution model.
Protocollo
Third Bitcoin halving
The subsidy falls from 12.5 to 6.25 BTC at height 630,000.
Leggi l’articoloBitcoin Core: subsidy and block validation implementation
Mercati
COMP distribution begins
Compound's governance-token incentives help accelerate liquidity-mining activity.
Leggi l’articoloCoinDesk: COMP distribution and governance changes, 30 June 2020
Truffe
AirBit Club operators charged
US criminal proceedings expose claims of mining and trading returns unsupported by the real money flow.
Leggi l’articoloDOJ: National Cryptocurrency Enforcement Team archive
Mercati
SushiSwap vampire mining
Liquidity incentives move assets from Uniswap into SushiSwap and show how token rewards can redirect protocol usage.
Protocollo
Ethereum Beacon Chain launches
Proof-of-stake consensus begins operating before its later merger with Ethereum execution.
2021
Cultura
NFT market expands
NFT trading and profile-picture collections turn token ownership into a mass-market identity and speculation product.
Mercati
Beeple auction reaches $69.3 million
Christie's sale becomes a prominent milestone in the NFT market's expansion.
Imprese
Coinbase direct listing
A major US crypto exchange lists shares on Nasdaq, marking deeper contact with public equity markets.
Mercati
Meme-coin cycle accelerates
Dogecoin and newer tokens demonstrate how social distribution can overwhelm conventional valuation narratives.
Sicurezza
Poly Network exploit
A privileged cross-chain path is exploited; much of the transferred value is later returned.
Protocollo
London upgrade
EIP-1559 introduces a burned base fee and new transaction fee settings.
Procedimenti delle autorità
CFTC Tether and Bitfinex orders
The orders address historical reserve representations and retail commodity transactions.
Leggi l’articoloCFTC: Tether and Bitfinex orders, 15 October 2021
Protocollo
Taproot activates
Bitcoin adds Schnorr signatures and Taproot spending rules at height 709,632.
Sicurezza
BadgerDAO frontend compromise
Users approve hostile transactions delivered through compromised web infrastructure.
2022
Sicurezza
Wormhole exploit
A verification failure allows unbacked wrapped ETH to be minted on Solana.
Procedimenti delle autorità
BlockFi lending settlement
BlockFi agrees to $100 million in combined SEC and state penalties.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: BlockFi lending-product settlement, 14 February 2022
Procedimenti delle autorità
BitConnect founder indicted
US prosecutors allege a global investment-fraud scheme; an indictment is an allegation.
Leggi l’articoloUS DOJ: BitConnect founder indictment, 25 February 2022
Sicurezza
Ronin bridge theft
A bridge compromise is later attributed by the FBI to North Korean actors.
Governance
Beanstalk flash-loan governance attack
Borrowed voting power is used to approve treasury-draining execution in 1 transaction.
Mercati
UST loses its peg
Terra's redemption mechanism and market confidence break down.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: Terraform / Kwon civil fraud verdict and settlement, 13 June 2024
Credito
Three Arrows Capital defaults
Leveraged fund exposures spread losses into lenders and customer-facing platforms.
Sicurezza
Harmony Horizon bridge drained
Compromised validator control enables unauthorised bridge withdrawals.
Custodia
Celsius pauses customer withdrawals
Customers lose access to assets before the lender enters bankruptcy.
Credito
Voyager enters bankruptcy
Voyager's customer product fails after counterparty lending exposure becomes uncollectable.
Leggi l’articoloFTC: Voyager Digital settlement and Stephen Ehrlich suit
Custodia
Celsius files for bankruptcy
The filing follows its withdrawal freeze.
Sicurezza
Nomad bridge copycat drain
A trusted-root error makes a withdrawal pattern reproducible by many addresses.
Protocollo
The Merge
Ethereum's execution layer moves to Beacon Chain proof-of-stake consensus.
Leggi l’articoloEthereum Foundation: mainnet Merge announcement
Mercati
Mango Markets manipulation
Trades increase collateral value before assets are borrowed from the platform.
Leggi l’articoloCFTC: digital-asset derivatives enforcement record
Procedimenti delle autorità
Kim Kardashian promotion settlement
The SEC addresses an undisclosed $250,000 payment for an EthereumMax promotion.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: Kim Kardashian EthereumMax settlement, 3 October 2022
Custodia
FTX collapses
Withdrawal pressure reveals a customer-asset shortfall and intertwined exposure to Alameda.
Leggi l’articoloUS DOJ: Samuel Bankman-Fried sentencing, 28 March 2024
Custodia
Genesis suspends Earn withdrawals
Gemini Earn customers are affected by their lending exposure to Genesis.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: Genesis and Gemini Earn complaint, 12 January 2023
Custodia
FTX and Alameda records unravel
The collapse reveals privileged affiliate access and a customer-asset shortfall.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: FTX investor-fraud complaint, 13 December 2022
Truffe
IcomTech prosecutions advance
US cases describe mining and trading claims used to support a Ponzi scheme.
Leggi l’articoloDOJ: National Cryptocurrency Enforcement Team archive
Procedimenti delle autorità
SEC files its Bankman-Fried complaint
The complaint describes alleged customer-fund diversion and special treatment for Alameda.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: FTX investor-fraud complaint, 13 December 2022
2023
Procedimenti delle autorità
SEC charges Genesis and Gemini
The complaint concerns the offer and sale of the Gemini Earn lending product.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: Genesis and Gemini Earn complaint, 12 January 2023
Truffe
Forsage founders indicted
US authorities pursue founders of the smart-contract recruitment scheme.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: charges concerning Forsage, 1 August 2022
Mercati
USDC depegs during the SVB crisis
Disclosure of reserve cash at Silicon Valley Bank prompts concern about access to backing.
Leggi l’articoloInvestopedia: USDC and Silicon Valley Bank, March 2023
Politica
USDC loses its peg temporarily
Silicon Valley Bank exposure creates uncertainty over access to part of USDC reserves.
Promozioni
TRX and BTT celebrity cases announced
The SEC files its complaint and announces settlements with several promoters.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: TRX / BTT allegations and celebrity settlements, 22 March 2023
Sicurezza
Euler exploit
A lending-accounting path is exploited using atomic liquidity and complex position changes.
Politica
US authorities announce depositor protection
The announcement covers depositors at Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank.
Leggi l’articoloTreasury, Federal Reserve and FDIC: joint statement, 12 March 2023
Procedimenti delle autorità
TRX and BTT promotion cases
The SEC announces charges and celebrity settlements concerning promotion and other alleged conduct.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: TRX / BTT allegations and celebrity settlements, 22 March 2023
Protocollo
Shapella upgrade
Ethereum enables validator withdrawals, subject to its withdrawal rules.
Sicurezza
Curve pools affected by compiler issue
Specific pools using vulnerable Vyper versions suffer reentrancy-related losses.
Bridge
Multichain abnormal transfers
Large movements and operational silence create uncertainty about control of bridge assets.
Procedimenti delle autorità
OneCoin co-founder sentenced
Karl Sebastian Greenwood receives a 20-year prison sentence.
Leggi l’articoloUS DOJ: OneCoin co-founder Greenwood sentenced, 12 September 2023
Credito
FTC announces Voyager settlement and suit
The FTC permanently bans Voyager from handling consumer assets and sues former CEO Stephen Ehrlich.
Leggi l’articoloFTC: Voyager Digital settlement and Stephen Ehrlich suit
Sicurezza
KyberSwap Elastic exploit
Complex concentrated-liquidity accounting is manipulated across affected pools.
Tokens
SafeMoon executives charged
US criminal and civil actions challenge claims concerning liquidity and its control.
Leggi l’articoloReuters: SafeMoon executives charged, 1 November 2023
Procedimenti delle autorità
Binance and CZ guilty pleas
The resolutions establish specified compliance offences, not every allegation ever made about the exchange.
Leggi l’articoloUS DOJ: Binance and Zhao guilty pleas, 21 November 2023
2024
Truffe
HyperFund charges announced
US authorities allege a large recruitment-driven investment scheme operating under several names.
Leggi l’articoloDOJ: National Cryptocurrency Enforcement Team archive
Politica
US spot Bitcoin ETP approvals
The SEC approves exchange rule changes permitting the products' listing and trading.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: spot Bitcoin ETP approval statement, 10 January 2024
Custodia
FTX founder sentenced
Sam Bankman-Fried receives a 25-year sentence after conviction on 7 counts.
Leggi l’articoloUS DOJ: Samuel Bankman-Fried sentencing, 28 March 2024
Protocollo
Dencun upgrade
Ethereum introduces blobs and a separate data fee market through EIP-4844.
Procedimenti delle autorità
Bankman-Fried sentenced
A US court imposes a 25-year prison sentence following his fraud conviction.
Leggi l’articoloUS DOJ: Samuel Bankman-Fried sentencing, 28 March 2024
Bitcoin
Runes activates at the halving
A fungible-token protocol begins at Bitcoin block 840,000, increasing competition for block space.
Bitcoin
Fourth Bitcoin halving
The block subsidy falls from 6.25 to 3.125 BTC at height 840,000.
Leggi l’articoloBitcoin Core: subsidy and block validation implementation
Protocollo
Fourth Bitcoin halving
The subsidy falls from 6.25 to 3.125 BTC at height 840,000.
Leggi l’articoloBitcoin Core: subsidy and block validation implementation
Procedimenti delle autorità
Terraform settlement announced
The SEC announces a settlement following the civil fraud verdict.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: Terraform / Kwon civil fraud verdict and settlement, 13 June 2024
Politica
MiCA stablecoin provisions apply
Parts of the EU Markets in Crypto-Assets regime begin applying to asset-referenced and electronic-money tokens.
Custodia
FTX reorganisation plan confirmed
The announced plan distinguishes allowed dollar claims from the return of the original coins.
Leggi l’articoloFTX estate: confirmed reorganisation plan, 7 October 2024
Procedimenti delle autorità
Bitfinex hacker sentenced
Ilya Lichtenstein receives five years for the money-laundering conspiracy.
Leggi l’articoloUS DOJ: Bitfinex laundering sentence, 14 November 2024
Politica
MiCA broader regime applies
The wider EU crypto-asset service-provider framework begins applying, subject to transitional rules.
DMM Bitcoin, 2024: a recruitment lure reached a custody workflow
The official attribution follows a fake coding test through session impersonation to a manipulated transaction request.
Leggi l’articoloFBI, DC3 and Japan NPA attribution, 23 December 2024
2025
Procedimenti delle autorità
BitMEX receives $100 million fine
A US court sentences the exchange after its Bank Secrecy Act guilty plea.
Leggi l’articoloDOJ: BitMEX fined for Bank Secrecy Act violation
Sicurezza
Bybit theft attributed
The FBI attributes a major exchange theft to North Korean TraderTraitor actors.
Leggi l’articoloFBI: Bybit theft attribution, 26 February 2025
Sicurezza
Bybit theft
A major digital-asset theft is attributed by the FBI to North Korea days later.
Leggi l’articoloFBI: Bybit theft attribution, 26 February 2025
Tornado Cash: the 2025 delisting belongs in the history too
The sanctions designation, its removal and cases against individuals are separate legal events.
Procedimenti delle autorità
Alex Mashinsky sentenced
The Celsius founder receives a 12-year US prison sentence after his guilty plea.
Ethereum
Pectra upgrade
Ethereum activates changes including account and validator features after testing and coordination.
Procedimenti delle autorità
Celsius founder sentenced
Alex Mashinsky receives 12 years after pleading guilty to fraud offences.
Procedimenti delle autorità
Do Kwon pleads guilty
Kwon pleads guilty in the US criminal case arising from representations around Terra.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: Terraform / Kwon civil fraud verdict and settlement, 13 June 2024
Procedimenti delle autorità
Do Kwon sentenced
A US court imposes a 15-year sentence.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: Terraform / Kwon civil fraud verdict and settlement, 13 June 2024
Procedimenti delle autorità
Do Kwon sentenced
Kwon receives 15 years after his August guilty plea in the US criminal case.
Leggi l’articoloUS DOJ: Do Kwon sentencing, 11 December 2025
2026
Politica
Gemini Earn case dismissal reported
The SEC and Gemini agree to dismiss the Earn case after full in-kind customer recovery through Genesis bankruptcy.
Leggi l’articoloSEC: Genesis and Gemini Earn complaint, 12 January 2023
SafeMoon: the liquidity claim, conviction and 2026 sentence
The legal record concerns access to supposedly locked liquidity and diversion of investor assets.
Leggi l’articoloUS DOJ sentence announcement, 10 February 2026
Dati sulle frodi
FBI reports rising cyber-enabled fraud
The FBI publishes loss data showing the continuing scale of investment and impersonation fraud.
OneCoin, 2026: asset recovery is not the same as repaying every victim
The compensation announcement describes recovered assets and a claims process, not a reversal of the original losses.
Ricerche MASTR
MASTR documents exchange-flow conflicts
MASTR publishes direct observations about incentives, representatives and exchange-linked flows on X.
Ricerche MASTR
MASTR expands the LAPTOP record
Saved workbooks reconcile launch inventory, claim wallets and completed sales rather than relying on screenshots.
Ricerche MASTR
LAPTOP onchain findings updated
MASTR's saved records reconcile launch inventory, claims and completed sales.
Leggi l’articoloMASTR: LAPTOP independent onchain reconstruction, 9 September 2026