Protocol
Aave
A lending protocol used here to explain collateral health and liquidation. Parameters depend on the specific market and asset.
MASTR
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MASTR CRYPTO WIKI
People & projects
People and organisations mentioned in the research. Each entry explains their role and points to the relevant articles. Inclusion does not imply wrongdoing.
Research articles and reference entries are published in English. Navigation is available in seven languages.
No matching entries.
A
Person
Adam Back
Creator of Hashcash, a proof-of-work system cited in Bitcoin’s design lineage.
Scheme
AirBit Club
Crypto investment programme prosecuted in the United States as a fraud scheme.
Organisation
Alameda Research
Trading firm at the centre of the FTX customer-fund diversion. The case explains its privileged treatment and related-party exposure.
Person
Alex Gluchowski
Matter Labs co-founder associated with zkSync.
Person
Alex Mashinsky
Celsius founder. The linked case covers representations to customers, CEL-related conduct and his May 2025 sentence.
Person
Anatoly Yakovenko
Solana co-founder associated with the network’s high-throughput account model.
Person
Andre Cronje
DeFi developer associated with Yearn and several protocol designs. The directory records the role without treating reputation as an audit.
Network
Aptos
Move-based smart-contract network with an object and resource-oriented programming model.
Network
Arbitrum
Ethereum scaling systems with different data-availability assumptions. Rollup and AnyTrust configurations should not be conflated.
Person
Arthur Hayes
BitMEX co-founder whose Bank Secrecy Act case is covered as an exchange compliance event.
Storage network
Arweave
Persistent-data network used by some applications and NFT projects.
Network
Avalanche
An ecosystem containing distinct chains and asset routes. An EVM-compatible interface does not identify the complete trust model.
Person
Avraham Eisenberg
Trader at the centre of the Mango Markets oracle-manipulation case.
B
Protocol
BadgerDAO
Bitcoin-focused DeFi project affected by a compromised frontend.
Institution
Bank for International Settlements
International financial institution publishing research on payments, markets and digital assets.
Person
Barry Silbert
Digital Currency Group founder. The Genesis Earn file maps the customer, agent and borrower relationship.
Network
Base
An Ethereum Layer 2. Familiar account addresses do not make balances or bridged assets interchangeable with other networks.
Stablecoin protocol
Beanstalk
Protocol affected by a flash-loan-assisted governance takeover.
Person
Benjamin Delo
BitMEX co-founder named in the exchange’s Bank Secrecy Act proceedings.
Organisation
Binance
Exchange group covered by the 2023 criminal resolution. BNB Chain's protocol properties require a separate analysis.
Network
Bitcoin
A proof-of-work network with UTXO-based transactions and a defined issuance schedule.
Scheme
BitConnect
Lending programme built around promised returns and an alleged trading bot.
Organisation
Bitfinex
Exchange affected by the 2016 theft. The theft prosecution and the CFTC's 2021 order concern different conduct.
Derivatives exchange
BitMEX
Crypto derivatives venue covered through its Bank Secrecy Act case.
Organisation
BlockFi
Crypto lender covered here through its February 2022 interest-account settlement. The settlement was not an endorsement of the product's safety.
NFT marketplace
Blur
NFT marketplace relevant to incentive-driven activity and professional NFT trading.
Network
BNB Chain
A blockchain ecosystem analysed separately from Binance's exchange business and legal cases.
Person
Brad Garlinghouse
Ripple chief executive. The directory distinguishes the company from XRP Ledger’s protocol.
Person
Brendan Eich
Brave founder and creator of JavaScript; linked here through tokenised attention-market history.
Person
Brian Armstrong
Coinbase co-founder and chief executive. Custodial access and self-custody remain different control models.
Organisation
Bybit
Exchange affected by the February 2025 theft attributed by the FBI to North Korea.
C
Person
Cameron Winklevoss
Gemini co-founder. The Earn file distinguishes Gemini’s customer interface from Genesis credit exposure.
Network
Cardano
A network using an extended UTXO model. Application rules and custody arrangements still need independent assessment.
Person
Caroline Ellison
Former Alameda Research chief executive and cooperating witness in the FTX criminal case.
Organisation
Celsius
Crypto lender that paused withdrawals in June 2022 and filed for bankruptcy the next month.
Security company
CertiK
Audit and monitoring company. Any badge must be checked against version, scope and unresolved findings.
Analytics company
Chainalysis
Blockchain analytics company. Its labels are evidence inputs rather than automatic proof of civil identity.
Protocol
Chainlink
Oracle infrastructure. Feed selection, update conditions and downstream validation matter as much as the reported price.
Person
Changpeng Zhao (CZ)
Binance founder. The article separates his 2023 guilty plea from the company's resolution and subsequent developments.
Person
Charles Hoskinson
Cardano founder and early Ethereum co-founder. The linked entry covers Cardano’s transaction model.
Person
Charlie Lee
Litecoin creator. Litecoin adapted Bitcoin’s proof-of-work and issuance design.
Person
Chris Larsen
Ripple co-founder associated with the development and commercial use of XRP Ledger.
Organisation
Circle
USDC issuer. The SVB episode illustrates the difference between reporting reserve assets and accessing bank cash during a crisis.
Internet infrastructure
Cloudflare
DNS and web-infrastructure provider. A secure edge does not establish that the destination application is honest.
Exchange
Coincheck
Japanese exchange affected by the 2018 NEM theft.
Protocol
Compound
A lending protocol whose 2020 COMP distribution is a milestone in liquidity-mining history.
Network
Cosmos
An ecosystem and software framework, rather than a universal shared-security guarantee for every connected chain.
Lending protocol
Cream Finance
Lending protocol affected by multiple exploits.
Exchange
Cryptopia
New Zealand exchange placed into liquidation after a 2019 theft.
Exchange protocol
Curve Finance
Stable-asset exchange protocol affected in 2023 through vulnerable Vyper contracts.
D
Person
Dan Larimer
Developer associated with BitShares, Steem and EOS.
Person
David Chaum
Cryptographer whose electronic-cash work predates Bitcoin and remains part of digital-money history.
Person
DJ Khaled
Promoter named in the SEC's 2018 ICO-promotion settlement.
Person
Do Kwon
Terraform Labs co-founder. The Terra article distinguishes the peg's collapse, the civil case and his December 2025 criminal sentence.
Network
Dogecoin
Proof-of-work network created from Litecoin-derived code and later merge-mined with Litecoin.
Person
Donald Trump
Namesake of the TRUMP token and central figure in the political-crypto projects discussed here. Ownership, fees and conflicts are examined separately from claims of illegality.
Trading protocol
dYdX
Derivatives protocol relevant to perpetual funding, oracle design and liquidation.
E
Restaking protocol
EigenLayer
Ethereum restaking system that can create correlated slashing and dependency risk.
Ethereum proposal
EIP-1559
Ethereum fee-market change introducing a base fee and separate priority fee.
Ethereum proposal
EIP-7702
Delegation mechanism allowing an externally owned account to execute code under defined conditions.
Person
Eli Ben-Sasson
StarkWare co-founder and researcher in scalable proof systems.
Analytics company
Elliptic
Blockchain analytics company producing investigations and typology research.
Person
Emin Gün Sirer
Avalanche co-founder and computer-science researcher.
Token standard
ERC-1155
Multi-token interface supporting fungible and non-fungible assets in one contract.
Token standard
ERC-20
Fungible-token interface whose allowances and non-standard return behaviour require care.
Account standard
ERC-4337
Account-abstraction standard using user operations, bundlers and entry-point validation.
Token standard
ERC-721
NFT interface defining ownership and transfers while leaving metadata storage choices open.
Person
Ethan Buchman
Cosmos co-founder and contributor to Tendermint and interchain standards.
Network
Ethereum
A programmable settlement network. Its history includes Frontier, the DAO fork, the Merge and data-availability upgrades.
Execution environment
Ethereum Virtual Machine
Execution model used by Ethereum and several compatible chains. Compatibility does not create shared state or security.
Token project
EthereumMax
Token promoted by celebrities and covered by US disclosure enforcement.
Block explorer
Etherscan
Ethereum explorer used to inspect transactions, code, logs and token approvals.
Lending protocol
Euler Finance
Lending protocol affected by a 2023 donation-to-reserves exploit path.
Regulator
European Banking Authority
EU banking authority with responsibilities under the crypto-asset regulatory framework.
Regulator
European Securities and Markets Authority
EU markets authority involved in implementing and supervising crypto-asset rules.
Law enforcement cooperation
Europol
EU agency coordinating cross-border criminal intelligence, including online investment fraud.
F
Law enforcement
Federal Bureau of Investigation
US agency publishing crypto-fraud guidance and cyber-threat attribution.
Consumer regulator
Federal Trade Commission
US consumer-protection agency publishing warnings about investment, impersonation and payment scams.
Standards body
Financial Action Task Force
Intergovernmental body setting global anti-money-laundering standards, including virtual-asset guidance.
Regulator
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
US financial-intelligence bureau administering anti-money-laundering requirements.
Standards body
Financial Stability Board
International body coordinating financial-stability policy, including crypto-asset frameworks.
Research and infrastructure
Flashbots
Ethereum research and infrastructure organisation associated with MEV markets and block building.
Person
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Promoter named in the SEC's 2018 ICO-promotion settlement.
Scheme
Forsage
Smart-contract programme charged by the SEC as a crypto pyramid and Ponzi scheme.
Organisation
FTX
Crypto exchange whose collapse exposed the misuse of customer funds. Estate distributions are a separate question from ownership of the original deposited assets.
G
Person
Gary Wang
FTX co-founder and cooperating witness whose testimony concerned exchange code and Alameda privileges.
Person
Gavin Wood
Ethereum co-founder and author of the Ethereum Yellow Paper; later a Polkadot founder.
Organisation
Gemini
Customer-facing platform in the Earn lending arrangement. The linked article distinguishes the platform, agent and borrower roles.
Organisation
Genesis
Borrower in the Gemini Earn arrangement described in the SEC's January 2023 complaint.
Person
Gerald Cotten
QuadrigaCX co-founder whose death exposed the exchange’s missing custody and accounting records.
Code platform
GitHub
Code hosting platform used for source and release distribution. Repository ownership and release signing still need verification.
H
Person
Hal Finney
Cryptographer who received the first recorded Bitcoin transfer from Satoshi Nakamoto.
Bridge
Harmony Horizon
Harmony bridge affected by compromised signing keys in 2022.
Person
Hayden Adams
Creator of Uniswap. The historical article explains the exchange's launch and the economic role of liquidity pools.
Scheme
HyperFund
Online investment programme later presented under several names, including HyperVerse.
I
Scheme
IcomTech
Crypto mining and trading programme prosecuted as a fraud scheme.
Person
Illia Polosukhin
NEAR co-founder. The directory records protocol authorship without implying that a founder controls every application.
Person
Ilya Lichtenstein
Bitfinex hacker sentenced in November 2024 for conspiracy to launder the stolen assets.
Security platform
Immunefi
Bug-bounty platform focused on Web3 vulnerabilities and coordinated disclosure.
Standards body
Internet Engineering Task Force
Open standards organisation behind many protocols used by wallets, browsers and networks.
Law enforcement cooperation
Interpol
International police organisation coordinating notices and cross-border investigations.
Storage protocol
IPFS
Content-addressed storage network often referenced by NFT metadata. Availability still depends on retention.
J
Person
Jae Kwon
Cosmos co-founder associated with Tendermint consensus and interchain architecture.
Person
Jed McCaleb
Co-founder of Ripple and Stellar and an early Mt. Gox creator before its later ownership.
Person
Jesse Powell
Kraken co-founder. The directory records exchange history without treating any venue as a substitute for custody analysis.
Trading protocol
Jupiter
Solana routing and trading infrastructure. Quotes depend on routes, liquidity and transaction construction.
Person
Justin Sun
Figure named in the SEC's March 2023 TRX and BTT case. The article distinguishes the complaint's allegations from separate celebrity settlements.
K
Person
Karl Sebastian Greenwood
OneCoin co-founder. The article covers the scheme and his 2023 criminal sentence.
Person
Kim Kardashian
Promoter named in the SEC's EthereumMax settlement over an undisclosed payment. The settlement concerns the promotional disclosure.
Network
Kusama
Polkadot-related canary network with its own governance and economic state.
Exchange protocol
KyberSwap
Decentralised exchange affected by a concentrated-liquidity exploit.
Person
Kyle Davies
Three Arrows Capital co-founder. The linked file separates fund exposure from later creditor recovery.
L
Person
Laszlo Hanyecz
Participant in the 2010 purchase remembered as Bitcoin Pizza Day.
Threat actor label
Lazarus Group
Attribution label used by US authorities for North Korean cyber operations, including major crypto thefts.
Hardware wallet vendor
Ledger
Hardware-wallet vendor relevant to supply-chain, firmware and recovery threat models.
Staking protocol
Lido
Liquid-staking protocol issuing receipts against staked assets.
Payment network
Lightning Network
Bitcoin payment-channel network whose routing and liquidity differ from base-layer settlement.
Network
Litecoin
Bitcoin-derived proof-of-work network with different timing and hashing choices.
M
DAO and protocol
MakerDAO
DAO and lending system behind overcollateralised stablecoin debt.
Trading protocol
Mango Markets
Solana trading venue affected by oracle and collateral manipulation.
Person
Mark Karpelès
Former Mt. Gox chief executive, central to the exchange history and its long insolvency process.
Research
MASTR
Original investigations, workbooks and source notes in this collection. Start with the evidence index or the LAPTOP transaction reconciliations.
Wallet software
MetaMask
Browser and mobile wallet. A familiar interface does not remove signature and approval risk.
DeFi protocol
Meteora
Solana liquidity protocol. Pool structure, authority and executable depth should be verified at contract level.
Organisation
MGX
Investment firm discussed in the Binance transaction and USD1 payment arrangement. The linked article examines the associated conflict-of-interest questions.
Person
Michael Saylor
MicroStrategy co-founder associated with a corporate Bitcoin treasury strategy.
Scheme
Mining Capital Coin
Mining and investment programme charged by US authorities as fraud.
Network
Monero
Privacy-focused network using ring signatures, stealth addresses and confidential amounts.
Organisation
Mt. Gox
Failed Bitcoin exchange whose customer recovery process illustrates the long duration of custodial losses.
Bridge
Multichain
Cross-chain service whose 2023 collapse exposed concentrated operational control.
N
Standards body
National Institute of Standards and Technology
US standards institution whose security guidance informs authentication and key-management practice.
Network
NEAR
Proof-of-stake smart-contract network using sharded execution.
Person
Nick Szabo
Author of the bit gold proposal and early writing on smart contracts.
Person
Nishad Singh
Former FTX engineering director and cooperating witness in the FTX case.
Bridge
Nomad
Cross-chain bridge whose 2022 incident followed acceptance of an invalid trusted root.
O
Sanctions authority
Office of Foreign Assets Control
US Treasury office administering sanctions, including actions involving crypto addresses and services.
Scheme
OneCoin
Global scheme marketed as cryptocurrency without the promised public blockchain.
NFT marketplace
OpenSea
NFT marketplace used here to distinguish marketplace listings from token identity and metadata persistence.
Security company
OpenZeppelin
Smart-contract security company and library maintainer. Libraries reduce repeated mistakes but do not prove system safety.
Network
Optimism
Ethereum scaling technology whose fault proofs, upgrade powers and withdrawal rules require separate checks.
P
Wallet software
Phantom
Solana wallet interface. Users still need to inspect programmes, token accounts and requested authority.
Scheme
PlusToken
Investment scheme that promised wallet and return benefits while collecting large crypto deposits.
Network
Polkadot
Multichain network using shared relay-chain security for connected parachains.
Bridge
Poly Network
Cross-chain protocol affected by a 2021 exploit involving message and privilege handling.
Network
Polygon PoS
A network whose checkpoints are only part of its security model.
Q
Exchange
QuadrigaCX
Canadian exchange whose insolvency exposed severe custody and record failures.
R
Person
Raj Gokal
Solana co-founder and ecosystem executive.
Exchange protocol
Raydium
Solana exchange and liquidity protocol. Pool identity and token mint addresses must be verified.
Person
Robert Leshner
Compound founder. Compound appears in the history of token-incentivised lending.
Bridge network
Ronin Network
Gaming-linked network whose bridge validators were compromised in 2022.
Person
Ross Ulbricht
Founder of the Silk Road marketplace, a major event in Bitcoin’s early public history.
Person
Ruja Ignatova
OneCoin co-founder promoted as the public face of a system that lacked the promised public blockchain.
Person
Rune Christensen
MakerDAO co-founder. The related file explains overcollateralised stablecoin debt.
Programming language
Rust
Systems language widely used in Solana and other blockchain software. Language safety does not replace authority analysis.
Person
Ryan Salame
Former FTX Digital Markets executive whose case is separate from the technical account privileges examined here.
S
Protocol
Safe
Smart-account infrastructure supporting threshold-based ownership and optional extensions. Modules can create additional execution routes.
Token project
SafeMoon
Token project examined through US criminal allegations concerning liquidity-pool assets.
Person
Sam Bankman-Fried
FTX founder. The FTX article covers his criminal conviction, the March 2024 sentence and the use of customer funds.
Person
Samuel Reed
BitMEX co-founder named in the exchange’s Bank Secrecy Act proceedings.
Person
Satish Kumbhani
BitConnect founder named in the US indictment. The article describes the allegations as allegations, not a conviction.
Person
Satoshi Nakamoto
Pseudonymous author of the Bitcoin white paper. The name identifies the published authorship, not a verified civil identity.
Person
Sergey Nazarov
Chainlink co-founder. Oracle security depends on feed design and downstream validation.
Person
Sergio Demian Lerner
Security researcher known for early Bitcoin mining analysis. Attribution hypotheses remain distinct from verified identity.
Organisation
Silicon Valley Bank
Bank whose March 2023 failure affected confidence in USDC's access to part of its reserve cash.
Network
Solana
A network with account-based programmes and distinct token authorities. Asset identity and account control require more than a ticker.
Programming language
Solidity
Dominant EVM smart-contract language. Compiler version, storage layout and call behaviour affect risk.
Block explorer
Solscan
Solana explorer used to inspect accounts, instructions and token authorities.
Token programme
SPL Token
Original Solana token programme governing mints, accounts and authorities.
Person
Stani Kulechov
Aave founder. The linked material focuses on collateral, health factors and liquidation.
Network
Stellar
Payment-focused ledger supporting native and issued assets.
Person
Stephen Ehrlich
Former Voyager Digital chief executive. The linked file explains the broker, lender and customer relationship.
Person
Su Zhu
Three Arrows Capital co-founder. The linked file concerns the fund’s leverage and creditor collapse.
Network
Sui
A network with an object-based model for assets and ownership.
T
Organisation
Terraform Labs
Company behind Terra and UST. The linked case covers both system mechanics and findings concerning its representations.
Organisation
Tether
Stablecoin issuer examined through the CFTC's historical reserve-representation findings. Those findings do not establish today's reserve position.
DAO
The DAO
2016 Ethereum investment vehicle whose exploit led to a disputed chain fork.
Fund
Three Arrows Capital
Crypto hedge fund whose 2022 collapse transmitted losses to lenders and brokers.
Token programme
Token-2022
Extended Solana token programme supporting additional controls and transfer behaviour.
Software protocol
Tornado Cash
Privacy software and sanctions case that raises distinct questions about code, services and operator conduct.
Security company
Trail of Bits
Security research and engineering company whose work includes smart contracts and cryptography.
Hardware wallet vendor
Trezor
Hardware-wallet vendor relevant to device authenticity, firmware and seed handling.
Analytics company
TRM Labs
Blockchain intelligence company producing risk and attribution research.
Network
TRON
A network whose resource model and token controls matter when assessing transfers and stablecoin exposure.
Person
Tyler Winklevoss
Gemini co-founder. The Earn file separates platform branding from the underlying lending chain.
U
Protocol
Uniswap
An automated exchange protocol family. The wiki separates its launch, constant-product pool arithmetic and liquidity-provider returns.
Regulator
US Commodity Futures Trading Commission
US derivatives regulator with digital-asset enforcement and market-integrity responsibilities.
Law enforcement
US Department of Justice
US department responsible for federal criminal prosecutions cited across exchange, fraud and laundering cases.
Regulator
US Securities and Exchange Commission
US markets regulator whose complaints, orders and settlements are primary records for several cases in the wiki.
V
Person
Vitalik Buterin
Ethereum co-founder and author whose work shaped programmable blockchain design.
Broker and lender
Voyager Digital
Crypto broker and lender whose failure exposed customer assets to borrower and bankruptcy risk.
Programming language
Vyper
Smart-contract language whose compiler vulnerabilities were involved in the 2023 Curve incident.
W
Connection protocol
WalletConnect
Wallet connection protocol whose sessions can be abused by hostile interfaces.
Person
Wei Dai
Author of the b-money proposal cited in Bitcoin’s design history.
Organisation
World Liberty Financial
Crypto project connected to the USD1 discussion. The research follows the stated relationships and transaction structure.
Standards body
World Wide Web Consortium
Web standards organisation. Browser security boundaries remain relevant to every crypto frontend.
Bridge
Wormhole
Cross-chain messaging system affected by a 2022 verification failure.
X
Network
XRP Ledger
A ledger supporting XRP and issued assets. Issuer-specific rights and controls remain relevant for issued tokens.
Y
Yield protocol
Yearn Finance
DeFi yield system associated with vault strategies. Strategy dependencies determine where returns and losses arise.
Z
Network
Zcash
Network supporting shielded transfers through zero-knowledge proofs.